Organism: A Meshwork of Selfless Selves

Lewontin, R. (1982), The Dialectical Biologist, MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Langton, C. (Ed.) (1989), Artificial Life, Addison-Wesley: Redwood City.Google Scholar

Maturana, H. and F. Varela (1973), De Máquinas y Seres Vivos: Una teoría de la organizatión biológica, Editorial Universitaria: Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar

Maturana, H. and F. Varela (1980), Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, D. Reidel: Boston. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 42].Google Scholar

Varela, F., H. Maturana, and R. Uribe (1974), Autopoiesis: the organization of living system, its characterization and a model, BioSystems 5: 187–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fleischaker, G. (1988), Autopoiesis: System logic and the origin of life, Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University, Boston, MA.Google Scholar

Margulis, L. (1981), Symbiosis in Cell Evolution, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar

Margulis, L. and D. Sagan (1986), Origins of Sex, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.Google Scholar

Gardner, M. (1971), On cellular automata, self-reproduction, the Garden of Eden, and the game “life”, Sci. Amer. 224: 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolfram, S. (1986), Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata, World Scientific, Singapore.Google Scholar

Toffoli, T. (1987), Cellular Automata Machines, MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Deamer, D. and G. Barchfeld (1982), Encapsulation of macromolecules by lipid vesicles under simulated prebiotic conditions, J. Molec. Evol. 18: 203–206.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lazcano, A. (1986), Prebiotic evolution and the origin of cells, Treballs Societat Catal. Biol. 39: 73–103.Google Scholar

Baeza, I. M. Ibñ nez, A. Lazcano, C. Santiago, C. Arguello, C. Wong, and J. Oró, Liposomes with polyribonucleotides as models of precellular systems, Origins of Life 17: 187–199.Google Scholar

Deamer, D.W. (1985), Role of amphillic compounds in the evolution of membrane structure on the early Earth, Origins of Life 17: 3–25.Google Scholar

Luisi, L. and F. Varela (1989), Self replicating micelles: A minimal version of a chemical autopoietic system, Origins of Life 19: 633–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Varela, F. (1979), Principles of Biological Autonomy, North-Holland/ Elsevier, New York.Google Scholar

Varela, F. (1988), Structural coupling of simple cellular automata: On the origin of meaning. In: E. Secarz, F. Celada, N.A. Mitchinson, and T. Tada, The Semiotics of Cellular Communication in the Immune System, NATO ASI Series, Vol. H23, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 151–161.Google Scholar

Castoriadis, C. (1987), L’état du sujet aujourd’hui, Topique 38: 7–39.Google Scholar

Margulis, L. and K. Schwartz (1988), Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, W.H. Freeman, New York.Google Scholar

Buss, L. (1987), The Evolution of Individuality, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.Google Scholar

Bonner, J.T. (1988), The Evolution of Complexity, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.Google Scholar

Varela, F., B. Dupire, and A. Coutinho, (1988), Cognitive networks: Immune, neural and otherwise. In: A. Perelson (Ed.), Theoretical Immunology, Vol. 2. (SFI Series on Complexity), Addison Wesley, New Jersey, pp. 359–375.Google Scholar

Vaz, N. and F. Varela (1978), Self and non-sense: An organism-centered approach to immunology, Medical Hypothesis 4: 231–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coutinho, A., L. Forni, D. Holmberg, F. Ivars, and N. Vaz (1984), From an antigen-centered, clonal perspective on immune responses to an organism-centered network perspective of autonomous activity in a self-referential immune system, Immunol. Revs. 79: 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lundqvist, I., A. Coutinho, F. Varela, and D. Holmberg (1989), Evidence for the functional dynamics in an antibody network, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86: 5074–5078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Varela, F.M. and A. Coutinho (1991), Second generation immune networks. Immunol. Today. In press.Google Scholar

Coutinho, A. (1989), Beyond clonal selection and network, Immunol. Revs. 110: 63–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Varela, F., A. Andersson, G. Dietrich, A. Sundblad, D. Holmberg, M. Kazatchkine, and A. Coutinho, The population dynamics of natural antibodies in normal and autoimmune individuals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.), In Press.Google Scholar

Varela, F. and S. Frenk (1987), The organ of form: Towards a biological theory of shape, J. Soc. Biol. Struct. 10: 73–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carew, T. and C. Sahley (1983), Invertebrate learning and memory: from behavior to molecules, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 9: 435–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zecevic, D., J. Wu, L. Cohen, J. London, H. Höpp, C. Falk (1989), Hundreds of neurons in the Aplysia abdominal ganglion are active during the gill-withdrawal reflex, J. Neurosci. 9: 3681–3689.PubMedGoogle Scholar

John, E.R., Y Tang, A. Brill, A.B. Young, and K. Ono (1986), Double-labeled metabolic maps of memory, Science 233: 1167–1175.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singer, W. (1977), Control of thalamic transmission by corticofugal and ascending reticular pathways in the visual system, Physiol. Rev. 57: 386–420.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Steriade, M. and M. Deschenes (1985), The thalamus as a neuronal oscillator, Brain Res. Rev. 8: 1–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Varela, F. and W. Singer (1987), Neuronal dynamics in the visual cortico-thalamic pathway revealed through binocular rivalry, Exp. Brain Res. 66: 10–20.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Horn, G. and R. Hill (1968), Modifications of receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex occurring spontaneously and associated with bodily tilt, Nature 221: 186–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, M.C. and P. Michael (1973), Integration of auditory information in the cat’s visual cortex, Vision Research 13: 1415–1419.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morell, F. (1972), Visual system’s view of acoustic space, Nature 238: 44–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allman, J., F. Meizen, and E. McGuiness (1985), Non-classical receptive field properties, Ann. Rev. Neuroscien. 8: 407–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abeles, M. (1984), Local Cortical Circuits, Springer Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar

DeYoe, E. and D.C. Van Essen (1988), Concurrent processing streams in monkey visual cortex, Trends Neurosci. 11: 219–226.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Minsky, M. (1987), The Society of Mind, Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar

Llinás, R. (1988), The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function, Science 242: 1654–1664.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gevins, A., R. Schaffer, J. Doyle, B. Cutillo, R. Tannehill, and S. Bressler (1983), Shadows of thought: shifting lateralization of human brain electrical patterns during a brief visuo-motor task, Science 220: 97–99.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Varela, F., A. Toro, E. John, and E. Schwartz (1981), Perceptual framing and cortical alpha rhythms, Neuropsychologia 19: 675–686.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodwin, B. and P. Saunders (Eds.) (1989) Theoretical Biology: Epigenetic and Evolutionary Order from Complex Systems, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar

Farmer, J., A. Lapedes, N. Packard, and B. Wendroff (Eds.) (1986), Evolution, Games and Learning, North-Holland, Amsterdam.Google Scholar

McClelland, J. and D. Rummelhart (1986), Parallel Distributed Processing: Studies on the Microstructure of Cognition, 3 vols., MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Wolfram, S. (1984), Cellular automata as models for complexity, Nature 311: 419–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pasteels, J. and J. Deneubourg (1987), From Individual to Collective Behavior in Social Insects, Birkhäuser, Basel.Google Scholar

Wilson, E.O. (1971), The Insect Societies, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Fresnau, D. and J. Lachaud (1985), La régulation sociale sociale: donnés préliminaires sur les facteurs individuels controlant l’organisation des taches chez Neoponera apicalis, Actes Coll. Insects Sociaux 2: 185–193.Google Scholar

Deneubourg, J., S. Aron, S. Goss, J. Pasteels, and G. Duerinck (1986), Random behavior, amplification processes and number of participants: how they contribute to the foraging properties of ants. In: Farmer et al. (Eds.), Evolution, Games and Learning, North-Holland, Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1980), Physical symbol systems, Cognitive Scien. 4: 135–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Plyshyn, Z. (1984), Computation and Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Grossberg, S. (1984), Studies of Mind and Brain, D. Reidel, Boston. [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 70].Google Scholar

Smolensky, P. (1988), On the proper treatment of connectionism, Beh. Brain Sci. 11: 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennett, D. (1990a), Mother nature versus the walking encyclopedia: A western drama, in: Ramsey, S., D. Rummelhart, and S. Stich (Eds.), Philosophy and Connectionist Theory, (forthcoming).Google Scholar

Dennett, DJ (1987), The Intentional Stance, MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Thompson, E., A. Palacios, and F. Varela (1991), Ways of coloring: Comparative color vision as a case study in cognitive science, Beh. Brain Sci. In press.Google Scholar

Fisher, S. (1990), In: G. Hattinger (Ed.), Virtuelle Welten, Linz.Google Scholar

Agree, Ph. (1988), The Dynamic Structures of Everyday Life, Report No. AI-TR 1085, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab., Cambridge.Google Scholar

Brooks, R.A. (1986), Achieving artificial intelligence through building robots, A.I. Memo 899, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, May 1986.Google Scholar

Brooks, R.A. (1987), Intelligence without representation, MIT Artificial Intelligence Report, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

Dennett, D. (1990b), Review of Ch. Langten (Ed.), Artificial Life, Biology Philos. In press.Google Scholar

Humphreys, N. and D. Dennett (1989), Speaking for ourselves: An assessment of multiple personality disorder, Raritan 9: 68–98.Google Scholar

Dupuy, J.-R and F. Varela (1990), Understandings of Origins. In: Varela, F. and J.R Dupuy (Eds.), Understanding Origins: Contemporary ideas on the genesis of life, mind and society, Kluwer, Boston, In press.Google Scholar

Merleau-Ponty, M. (1952), Phenomenologie de la Perception, Gallimard, Paris.Google Scholar

Heidegger, M. (1983), Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik, Gesamtausgabe t.29/30, Klostermann, Frankfurt.Google Scholar

Varela, F., E. Thompson, and E. Rosch (1991), The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Wittgenstein, L. (1972), Philosophical Investigations, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar

Lewontin, R. (1983), The organism as the subject and object of evolution, Scientia 118: 63–82.Google Scholar